Hash Functions and Message Authentication
Hash functions and message authentication mechanisms are critical pillars of modern cryptography. They protect integrity, authenticate data origin, prevent tampering, and support secure storage of passwords, digital signatures, and many…
Asymmetric (Public-Key) Cryptography
Asymmetric cryptography, also called public-key cryptography, is a mathematical framework that allows secure communication between parties who have never shared a secret key beforehand. Its defining characteristic is the use…
Symmetric Key Cryptography
In the digital age, where data flows continuously through networks, ensuring privacy and security has become essential. Every online transaction, email, or stored document relies on cryptography to safeguard information…
Cryptographic Voting Systems
A Cryptographic Voting System (CVS) is an election system that uses cryptographic techniques to ensure the security, privacy, integrity, and verifiability of votes cast electronically. These systems aim to prevent…
Privacy Coins & Confidential Transactions
Privacy coins are cryptocurrencies designed to protect user privacy by concealing: Their goal is to achieve fungibility (each coin is indistinguishable) and financial privacy, similar to cash. Examples: Monero (XMR),…
Secure Cloud Storage with Client-Side Encryption
In an era where digital data flows constantly between devices and servers, cloud storage has become an essential part of both personal and business operations. However, with convenience comes the…
Passwordless Authentication.
Passwordless Authentication is a login method where users verify their identity without typing a password. Instead of remembering complex passwords, users log in using secure alternatives like: Goal: More Security…
Embedded Device Security.
IoT Security is the process of securing internet-connected devices, networks, and systems that communicate and exchange data autonomously.These include smart home devices, wearable, industrial sensors, medical implants, and vehicles —…
End-to-End Encrypted Communication 2.0.
End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) ensures that only the sender and receiver of a message can read its contents — no one else, not even the service provider, government, or hackers. The…
Homomorphic Encryption for Data Privacy.
Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted data (ciphertexts) without needing to decrypt it first. Types of Homomorphic Encryption How…